b-pinene ( 3.1%)
3-octanol ( 2.1%)
myrcene (0.5%)
a-terpinene (0.4%)
p-cymene ( 4.6%)
limonene (0.1%)
terpinolene ( 1.5%)
T- 4. Comparative percentage composition of Thymus satureioides oils
Compound 1 2 3 4 5
tricyclene 0.2–0.5 0.1–0.3 0.3–0.4 0–0.4 -
a-thujene 0.1–0.7 0.5–0.7 0.3–0.7 0–0.6 -
a-pinene 1. 9–5. 4 1. 7–4. 1 3. 1–6. 9 3.0– 5. 6 0.1
camphene 3. 1–10. 4 0. 2–4. 2 6. 4–8. 7 0. 1–10. 5 0.2
sabinene - - 0–0.1 0–0.2 -
b-pinene 0. 4–1. 3 0.5–0.9 0. 7–1.0 0. 8–1. 3 0.1
myrcene 0.1–0.7 0.6–0.9 0.3–0.7 0.7–0.8 -
3-octanol 0–0.1 0.2–0.8 0–0.3 0.1–0.3 -
a-phellandrene 0–0.1 0–0.1 - - -
a-terpinene 0.1–0.3 0.3–0.7 0.2–0.6 0.3–0.5 -
p-cymene 0. 6–2. 3 3. 1–8. 1 2. 2–9. 9 4. 7–8.0 -
limonene 0. 4–1. 1 0.4–0.8 0. 5–1. 1 0.7–0.8 -
1,8-cineole - 0–0.1 - - -
g-terpinene 0. 2–1. 6 0. 8–2. 6 0. 7–2. 8 0. 3–2. 6 -
cis-sabinene hydrate 0–0.4 0.1–0.5 0.1–0.2 0–0.4 -
linalool oxidef 0–0.1 0–0.1 0–0.1 - -
terpinolene 0–0.2 0.1–0.3 0.1–0.3 - -
linalool 1. 6–2. 6 1. 9–12. 3 1. 9–5. 8 3. 6–5. 1 0.4
campholenal - 0–0.1 - - -
trans-pinocarveol 0.1–0.3 0–0.3 0.1–0.2 0–0.2 0.1
camphor 0.2–0.6 0.1–0.5 0.1–0.6 0.3–0.5 0.4
p-mentha- 1( 7),2-dien-8-ol 0–0.1 - - - -
borneol 37. 7–52. 1 13.0– 29. 7 26. 8–41. 3 26. 7–33. 3 77.6
terpinen-4-ol 1. 7–2. 1 1. 1–1. 6 1. 5–1. 8 1. 6–2. 3 0.7
p-cymen-8-ol 0.2–0.7 0.1–0.6 0.1–0.4 0.4–0.6 0.2
a-terpineol 14. 5–21.0 4. 7–12. 4 12. 1–19. 6 5. 8–16.0 11. 5
cis-dihydrocarvone 0.3–0.6 0–0.3 0. 2–1.0 0.2–0.3 0.2
trans-dihydrocarvone 0– 2.0 - 0–0.8 0–0.2 0.9
verbenone 0–0.1 0–0.1 - - 0.1
methylthymol - 0–0.1 - - -
methyl carvacrol 0–0.3 0–0.3 0.1–0.2 5. 9–7. 1 -
bornyl acetate 1. 1–3. 5 0.1–0.9 0. 6–2. 8 0. 2–5. 4 0.2
thymol 0.1–0.3 0.2–0.7 0.2–0.5 11. 4–21. 3 0.2
carvacrol 0. 9–6. 1 21. 1–49. 5 9. 2–20. 8 0. 6–3. 7 0.5
a-irone† 0.2–0.5 0–0.2 0–0.4 - 0.1
a-copaene 0–0.1 0–0.1 0–0.1 0–0.4 -
b-bourbonene 0–0.1 - 0–0.1 0–0.1 0.1
b-caryophyllene 2. 8–5. 4 2. 5–5. 3 3. 6–5. 2 1. 8–3. 5 2. 8
aromadendrene 0–0.3 0–0.2 0–0.2 - 0.3
a-humulene 0.1–0.3 0–0.3 0.1–0.3 0–0.4 0.1
allo-aromadendrene 0–0.1 0–0.1 0–0.1 0–0.2 -
g-muurolene - 0–0.1 0–0.2 0–0.1 -
a-muurolene 0–0.1 0–0.3 - 0–0.3 -
b-guaiene* 0.2–0.4 0– 1.0 0.2–0.3 0– 1.0 0.3
d-cadinene 0.1–0.3 0– 1. 3 0.2–0.3 0– 1. 3 0.2
caryophyllene oxide 0. 4–1. 4 0. 6–3. 7 0. 5–1. 3 0. 6–3. 7 0.2
*correct isomer not identified; †incorrect identification; ffuranoid form; 1. borneol > a-terpineol oils; 2. borneol > carvacrol >
a-terpineol oils; 3. borneol > a-terpineol > carvacrol oils; 4. borneol > a-terpineol > thymol oils; 5. borneol-rich oils
collections from the four locations by
hydrodistillation revealed that they pos-
sessed the following composition range:
tricyclene (0.2–0.4%)
a-thujene (0.3–0.6%)
a-pinene ( 3.0– 5.4%)
camphene ( 5. 7–10.5%)
sabinene (0–0.2%)
b-pinene (0. 8–1.3%)
myrcene (0.5–0.8%)
3-octanol (0.1–0.3%)
a-terpinene (0.2–0.5%)
p-cymene ( 4. 7–9.9%)
limonene (0.7–0.9%)
g-terpinene (0. 3–2.6%)
cis-sabinene hydrate (0–0.4%)
linalool ( 3. 6–5.8%)
trans-pinocarveol (0–0.2%)
camphor (0.3–0.6%)
borneol ( 27.0– 33.3%)
terpinen-4-ol ( 1. 6–2.3%)
p-cymen-8-ol (0.4–0.6%)
a-terpineol ( 5. 8–10.3%)
cis-dihydrocarvone (0. 2–1.0%)
trans-dihydrocarvone (0–0.8%)
isoborneola (0.1–0.3%)
methyl carvacrol (0. 9–6.4%)
thymol (0. 3–21.3%)
carvacrol (0. 7–9.2%)
a-copaene (0–0.1%)
b-caryophyllene ( 1. 8–3.5%)
aromadendrene (0–0.1%)
a-humulene (t–0.2%)
g-muurolene (0–0.2%)
d-cadinene (t–0.3%)
caryophyllene oxide (0. 6–1.3%)
t = trace (<0.05%)
atentative identification
In addition, trace amounts of cis-lin-
alool oxide (furanoid form), terpinolene
and methyl thymol were also character-
ized in this oil.
Benjilali et al. (1987a and 1987b) collected 32 accessions of T. satureioides
from across Morocco. Oils were produced
from these collections by hydrodistillation
and each oil was subjected to GC-FID,
preparative GC and IR spectroscopy.
The authors found that although the oils
were all rich in borneol, they contained
varying amounts of a-terpineol, carvacrol
and thymol. As a result, this reviewer has
separated the data into oils (as shown in
T- 4) that contain: (a) borneol > a-terpineol
( 15 examples); (b) borneol > carvacrol >
a-terpineol (six examples); (c) borneol >
a-terpineol > carvacrol (six examples); (d)
borneol > a-terpineol > thymol; and (e)
borneol-rich oils ( 1 example).
Tantaoui-Elaraki et al. (1993) used
GC-FID as their method of analysis, and
compared their data with previously pub-
lished studies. The composition of the oil
was found to be as follows:
a-pinene ( 17.5%)
camphene ( 27.4%)
